Nationalism In India

This chapter is just for revision purpose, this article contain all important dates and movements .

Nationalism In India

• The first world war , Khilafat and Non- cooperation

1. In 1941 world war started ,India was ruled by British.
2. Increase in defence expenditure due to world war , it lead to increase in taxes in India.
3. Income tax was introduced.
4. Custom duties were Increased.
5. Many villagers were forced to fight with britisher.
6. By 1918 the price of production is double.
7. Crops failed in many parts of India.
8. This lead to shortage of foods.
9. 1918 world war ended.

• Idea of Satyagrah

1. Mahatma Gandhi came back to India in 1915.
2. He introduce this concept during his staying in South Africa.
3. He organised several satyagrahs in India .
4. Champaran satyagrah in 1916 , Ahemdabad mill strike in 1918.
5. 1917 in khed district of Gujarat { crop failure}

• Rowlatt Act 

1. In 1919 the act authorized the British officiers to imprison any Indian political leader for 2 year without any trial.
2. The Mahatma Gandhi ( M.G) started nation wide strike it is known as Rowlatt satyagraha.
3. Satyagraha is an Ideal ,by which a fight for true cause or against injustice , is fought without any Violence 
4. In Rowlatt Satyagraha -

• Shops were closed 
• Raillies were organised 
• People went on strike 
• To crush this movement british government imposed Martial law, at that time this responsibility was given to General dyer.

Jalliawala Bagh 

• On the day of 13 April 1919 , Baisakhi fair was organised in jalliawala bagh in Amritsar.
• MASSARCE
• General Dyer ordered to close all the exit gates.
• He opened fire on the crowd .
• Hundreds of Indian died 
• Indians started to attack the government buildings .
• This violence forced Gandhi ji to stop the movement .

• Non - Cooperation Movement 

1. Gandhi is written a book named Hind Swaraj 
2. According to which Gandhi ji was saying the britisher was establish their rule over India only because we obey them . If we started disobey them the britisher rule was ended soon.
3. He started movement named Non Cooperation Movement .
4. To bring Hindus and Muslim together , Gandhi met Muhammad Ali and Shaukat Ali .
5. Further the movement was Renamed as Non cooperation movement .

• Different strands within the Movement 

1. Non khilafat movement launched by M.G , Mohammad Ali and Shaukat Ali .
2. Launched in January 1921.
3. Many social group participated .
4. All interpreted the meaning of  Swaraj in their own way .

           The movement in the towns -

• Thousand of student left government school.
• Headmaster and teacher resigned .
• Lawyer gave up their legal practices .
• Foreign clothes were burnt in huge bonfire.

           Slow down of the movement 

• Khadi was expensive ( cant offord by poor people ).
• Lack of Indian Institution.

• Swaraj in the Plantation -

1. The government had passed the Inland Emigration act of 1859 . Under which plantation worker were not permitted to leave the fields.
2. When M.G started the movement Non - Coorporation the worker interpreted the establishment of Gandhi Raj .
3. They violet the act 
4. Hence , they were beaten by the police because they were leaving the forest and started went back to their house.
5. Many people didnt understand true meaning of Swaraj .
6. In February 1922 ,  MG withdraw this movenment .
7. He decided to train Indian people before any other mass struggle.

• CIVIL  DISOBEDIENCE MOVEMENT -

1. In february 1922 , MG decided to withdraw movement the Non Coorporation movement .
2. Many political leaders suggested the Idea of fighting the britishers from within the legislative council.
3. CR das and Moti lal Nehru formed Swaraj Party in 1922 .
4. Leader like Jawaharlal Nehru and Subhash chandra Bose pressed for a more radical mass agitation .

           Reason for civil disobedience movement -

• Simmion commision of 1927.
• Great Economic depression of 1929.

1. SIMMION COMMISION 

• The Indian members of the central legislative Assembly exposed some drawbacks in the government of India Act of 1929.
• As a result of it , the simmion commissioin was oppointed in 1927 , to suggest any further reforms.
• This commission consisted of 7 members and its chairman was Sir John Simon.
• Indians boycotted it, as indication of Swaraj which was the First priority of Indians 
• When this commission arrived in India in 1928 it was met with demonstration with banner . In banner the slogan written " GO BACK SIMON".
• During protest , the police did lathi charge at Lahore.
• As a result , Lala Lajpat Rai died . He was a poltical leader as well as Independence Leader .

      2. GREAT ECONOMIC DEPRESSION 

• The depression had deep impact on the agriculture and Industrial goods .
• Poverty increased by 1930 due to high taxes .

Civil disobedience when started in country before that Gandhi ji written a letter  to Viceroy, at the time Lord Irwani was viceroy. But Irwani claim the MG demand unrealistic and he didnt fullfill it .

After that Gandhi ji write another letter in which he claim that if didnt fullfill his demand by 11 march 1930 than he is started Civil disobedience movement . But no response is come from Lord Irwani  so Gandhi ji started his movement .

• Gandhi ji choose salt as the symbol to unite the nation , as everyone used it in daily life and paid tax for it .
• According to government No one can manufacture salt , but it is  Civil disobedience movement so Gandhi ji decided to violet it .
• He started his movement with 78 trusted volunteers . The march was over 240 miles , from Gandhi ji ashram in Sabarmati to the Gujarat coastal town Dandi . They walked for 24 day about 10 miles in a day .
• All started supporting this powerfull movement and stop paying tax in it . It is an illegal act .

TO CRUSH THIS MOVEMENT -

• Colonial government started arresting all political leaders.
• Gandhi ji was also arrested .
• Total of 60 thousand Indians were arrested .

• THE SENSE OF COLLECTIVE BELONGING 

1. Reason of development of nationalism in INDIA 

United struggle 

• Cultural process
• Bankim Chandra Chattopadhya made a poster of Bharat Mata it is a femal Allogory . Which gave the hiden message that INDIA is our motherland and should respect her and free her from britishers.
• VANDE MATARAM  is the slogan by bankim chandra chattopadhya .
• It was further converted into poem and then into a song .
• It our National Song today.
• FLAG OF INDIA - it was designed by Mahatma Gandhi and Congress  in  which 

• SAFRON  -  COURAGE AND STRENGTH
• WHITE     -  PEACH
• GREEN     -  FERTILITY AND GROWTH 
• And it is  depiction of the Buddhist Dharma Chakra
• 24 spokes represent the edicts of Ashoka 

INDIAN   INDEPENCENCE

• Gandhi ji started Quit  India Movement in 1942 .
• It was extremly successful
• Jawaharlal Nehru delevered a speech on evening of 15 August 1947 in India parliament .
• With this speech , India become an Independent Nation.